立志成为 python 认证入门级程序员 (pcep) 需要彻底了解 python 中的基本数据结构,例如列表和元组。
列表和元组都能够在 python 中存储对象,但这两种数据结构在用法和语法上存在关键差异。为了帮助您在 pcep 认证考试中取得好成绩,这里有一些掌握这些数据结构的基本技巧。
1。了解列表和元组的区别
python 中的列表是可变的,这意味着它们可以在创建后进行修改。另一方面,元组是不可变的,这意味着它们一旦创建就无法更改。这意味着元组的内存需求较低,并且在某些情况下比列表更快,但它们提供的灵活性较低。
列表示例:
# creating a list of numbers numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # modifying the list by changing the fourth element numbers[3] = 10 print(numbers) # output: [1, 2, 3, 10, 5]
元组示例:
# creating a tuple of colors colors = ("red", "green", "blue") # trying to modify the tuple by changing the second element colors[1] = "yellow" # this will result in an error as tuples are immutable
2。熟悉列表和元组的语法
列表用方括号 [ ] 表示,而元组则用括号 ( ) 括起来。创建列表或元组就像使用适当的语法向变量声明值一样简单。请记住,元组在初始化后无法修改,因此使用正确的语法至关重要。
列表示例:
# creating a list of fruits fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
元组示例:
# creating a tuple of colors colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
3。了解如何添加和删除项目
列表有各种用于添加和删除项目的内置方法,例如append()、extend() 和remove()。另一方面,元组的内置方法较少,并且没有任何添加或删除项目的方法。因此,如果您需要修改元组,则必须创建一个新元组,而不是更改现有元组。
列表示例:
# adding a new fruit to the end of the list fruits.append("mango") print(fruits) # output: ["apple", "banana", "orange", "mango"] # removing a fruit from the list fruits.remove("banana") print(fruits) # output: ["apple", "orange", "mango"]
元组示例:
# trying to add a fruit to the end of the tuple fruits.append("mango") # this will result in an error as tuples are immutable # trying to remove a fruit from the tuple fruits.remove("banana") # this will also result in an error
4。了解性能差异
由于其不变性,元组通常比列表更快。留意需要存储固定项目集合的场景,并考虑使用元组而不是列表来提高性能。
您可以使用python中的timeit模块测试列表和元组之间的性能差异。下面是一个比较迭代列表和包含 10 个元素的元组所需时间的示例:
# importing the timeit module import timeit # creating a list and a tuple with 10 elements numbers_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] numbers_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) # testing the time it takes to iterate through the list list_time = timeit.timeit('for num in numbers_list: pass', globals=globals(), number=100000) print("time taken for list: ", list_time) # output: time taken for list: 0.01176179499915356 seconds # testing the time it takes to iterate through the tuple tuple_time = timeit.timeit('for num in numbers_tuple: pass', globals=globals(), number=100000) print("time taken for tuple: ", tuple_time) # output: time taken for tuple: 0.006707087000323646 seconds
如您所见,迭代元组比迭代列表稍快。
5。了解列表和元组的适当用例
列表适合存储可能随时间变化的项目集合,因为它们可以轻松修改。相比之下,元组非常适合需要保持不变的项目的恒定集合。例如,虽然列表可能适合可以更改的杂货清单,但元组更适合存储一周中的几天,因为它们保持不变。
列表示例:
# creating a list of groceries grocery_list = ["milk", "bread", "eggs", "chicken"] # adding a new item to the grocery list grocery_list.append("bananas")
元组示例:
# creating a tuple of weekdays weekdays = ("monday", "tuesday", "wednesday", "thursday", "friday") # trying to add a new day to the tuple weekdays.append("saturday") # this will result in an error as tuples cannot be modified after creation
6。注意内存使用
由于其灵活性,列表比元组消耗更多的内存,而元组由于其不变性而占用更少的空间。在处理大型数据集或内存密集型应用程序时,这一点尤其重要。
可以使用python中的sys模块来检查变量的内存使用情况。以下是比较列表和具有一百万个元素的元组的内存使用情况的示例:
# importing the sys module import sys # creating a list with one million elements numbers_list = list(range(1000000)) # checking the memory usage of the list list_memory = sys.getsizeof(numbers_list) print("memory usage for list: ", list_memory) # output: memory usage for list: 9000112 bytes # creating a tuple with one million elements numbers_tuple = tuple(range(1000000)) # checking the memory usage of the tuple tuple_memory = sys.getsizeof(numbers_tuple) print("memory usage for tuple: ", tuple_memory) # output: memory usage for tuple: 4000072 bytes
您可以看到,与列表相比,元组消耗的内存更少。
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7。知道如何迭代列表和元组
列表和元组都可以通过使用循环进行迭代,但由于它们的不变性,元组可能会稍微快一些。另请注意,列表可以存储任何类型的数据,而元组只能包含可哈希元素。这意味着元组可以用作字典键,而列表则不能。
列表示例:
# creating a list of numbers numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # iterating through the list and checking if a number is present for num in numbers: if num == 3: print("number 3 is present in the list") # output: number 3 is present in the list
元组示例:
# creating a tuple of colors colors = ("red", "green", "blue") # iterating through the tuple and checking if a color is present for color in colors: if color == "yellow": print("yellow is one of the colors in the tuple") # this will not print anything as yellow is not present in the tuple
8。熟悉内置函数和操作
虽然与元组相比,列表具有更多的内置方法,但这两种数据结构都具有一系列您应该熟悉 pcep 考试的内置函数和运算符。其中包括 len()、max() 和 min() 等函数,以及 in 和 not in 等运算符,用于检查某个项目是否在列表或元组中。
列表示例:
# creating a list of even numbers numbers = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10] # using the len() function to get the length of the list print("length of the list: ", len(numbers)) # output: length of the list: 5 # using the in and not in operators to check if a number is present in the list print(12 in numbers) # output: false print(5 not in numbers) # output: true
元组示例:
# creating a tuple of colors colors = ("red", "green", "blue") # using the max() function to get the maximum element in the tuple print("Maximum color: ", max(colors)) # output: Maximum color: red # using the in and not in operators to check if a color is present in the tuple print("yellow" in colors) # output: False print("green" not in colors) # output: False
通过了解列表和元组的差异、适当的用例以及语法,您将为 pcep 考试做好充分准备。请记住在不同场景中练习使用这些数据结构,以巩固您的知识并增加通过考试的机会。请记住,熟能生巧!
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